Types of hypertension

There are two major types of hypertension.

Primary hypertension Also called essential hypertension, this type is the most common, and is diagnosed in about 95% of cases.
It has no obvious or known causes. 

Secondary hypertension This type is often caused by reversible factors, and is sometimes curable. Causes include:

• Kidney damage or function impairment. 
• Tumors or over-activity of the adrenal gland.
• Thyroid dysfunction.
• Sleep apnoea.
• Narrowing of the aorta.
• Pregnancy-related conditions.
• Certain medications and recreational drugs.
• Unhealthy eating habits. 

There are also four other very rare forms of hypertension. 

Malignant hypertension is severe and progressive. It can lead to rapid organ damage and may be fatal. Death usually comes
from heart failure, kidney damage or brain haemorrhage. However, aggressive treatment can reverse the condition, and prevent its complications.
Malignant hypertension is relatively rare, and is not caused by cancer or malignancy.

Isolated systolic hypertension In this case the systolic blood pressure, (the top number), is consistently above 160 mm Hg,
and the diastolic below 90 mm Hg. This may occur in older people, and results from the age-related stiffening of the arteries. 

Arteriosclerosis causes a loss of elasticity in arteries. Our Western lifestyle and diet is believed to be the root cause.
Treatment starts with lifestyle modification, which can significantly reduce the incidence of stroke and heart disease. 

White coat hypertension Also called anxiety-induced hypertension, it means blood pressure is only high when tested by a
health professional. If confirmed, with repeat readings outside of the clinical setting, or a 24-hour monitoring device, it does not need
to be treated. However, regular follow-up is the best bet. Lifestyle changes like more exercise, less salt, alcohol in moderation,
and quitting smoking would also help. A low fat, high-fibre diet, rich in fresh fruits and vegetables, will be beneficial.

Resistant hypertension occurs when blood pressure cannot be reduced to below 140/90 mmHg, despite treatment.