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- Pregnant women use dagga for recreational purposes as well as to manage pain and morning sickness
- This may, besides other conditions, increase the risk of autism in their offspring, according to a new study
- The study, however, doesn't show that using pot during pregnancy definitively causes autism
Research has shown that dagga use during pregnancy may increase the risk of stillborn birth, preterm birth and low birth weight.
Now, a new study adds another danger: children whose mothers used marijuana while pregnant could be at greater risk for autism.
And the increased danger wasn't slight: Using data on every birth in Ontario, Canada, between April 2007 and March 2012, the University of Ottawa researchers found that pregnant women who used cannabis were 1.5 times more likely to have a child with autism than women who didn't.
Adverse birth outcomes
There were half a million women included in the sample, and around 3 000 of them said they used pot during their pregnancy. The database did not include the particulars of these women's dagga use – such as how, how often, or how much they were using it.
In a previous study, the same researchers found that pot use during pregnancy was linked to an increased risk of preterm birth and other adverse birth outcomes.
The researchers used this new study to determine if there were more long-term health impacts for children whose mothers used marijuana while pregnant.
They did this by matching two Canadian health databases, one that tracks diagnoses (including autism) and one that tracks birth outcomes in general, said study author Dr Darine El-Chaar, a maternal foetal medicine physician at the Ottawa Hospital.
"There's been a linkage through these two registries, so we can match the birth data with the outcomes of the babies from that pregnancy later in life," El-Chaar explained.
To show that dagga use alone was linked to the increased risk of autism, the researchers looked specifically at 2 200 women who used pot but did not use other substances during their pregnancy.
Treating morning sickness
Still, numerous factors could contribute to an increased risk of autism, El-Chaar noted. The study only shows that using pot during pregnancy may be associated with autism – not that it definitively causes it.
The findings were published online in August in the journal Nature Medicine.
Pregnant women who use pot are not only doing so for recreational purposes – some say that they use it to treat pain or morning sickness.
El-Chaar said that many of the patients she works with either use dagga to alleviate nausea or ask her if they should. "I do see women telling me that that's the only thing that helps," she said. "I generally do not have good evidence to say, 'Yes, that's true,' yet."
The mechanism by which pot use during pregnancy may affect birth outcomes and infant health is not fully understood. Still, most experts point to animal studies that have found cannabis receptors in the brains of animal embryos that are only five to six weeks old.
When a pregnant woman consumes pot, these cannabis receptors would be activated, potentially affecting the infant's brain development.
Legalisation could prompt rise in marijuana use
The number of women who used pot during pregnancy may be much higher than the study reported since some may have denied using it because recreational pot was illegal when the data was collected.
Canada's nationwide legalisation of recreational cannabis in 2018 was a catalyst for the study, according to El-Chaar.
She said she was concerned that legalisation could prompt a rise in marijuana use among pregnant women, despite the lack of evidence that it is safe.
Marijuana use among pregnant women in the United States is already on the rise, according to the US National Institute on Drug Abuse: 7% of pregnant women reported using the drug in a 2016–2017 survey.
Andrea Roberts, a senior research scientist at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston, shared similar concerns that women might interpret legalisation as a sign that dagga is "somehow harmless".
Roberts emphasised that pregnancy is a highly sensitive period, and women "should really not use any substances that they don't have to use during pregnancy".
Image credit: iStock
