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Just like new moms, new fathers can be depressed, and a study found a surprising number of sad dads spanked their one-year-olds.
About 40% of depressed fathers in a survey said they'd spanked kids that age, versus just 13% of fathers who weren't depressed. Most dads also had had recent contact with their child's doctor - a missed opportunity to get help, authors of the study said.
The American Academy of Paediatrics and many child development experts warn against spanking children of any age. Other studies have shown that kids who are spanked are at risk of being physically abused and becoming aggressive themselves.
The researchers said spanking is especially troubling in children who are only one, because they could get injured and they "are unlikely to understand the connection between their behaviour and subsequent punishment."
The study was released online in the journal Paediatrics.
The study
The authors analysed data on 1,746 fathers from a nationally representative survey in 16 large US cities, conducted in 1999-2000. Lead author Dr Neal Davis said that was the most recent comprehensive data on the subject, and he believes it is relevant today. Depression among fathers is strongly tied to unemployment rates, which are much higher now than a decade ago, he said.
The men were questioned about depression symptoms, spanking and interactions with their one-year-olds, but weren't asked why they spanked or whether it resulted in physical harm.
Overall, 7% of dads had experienced recent major depression.
Some likely had a history of depression, but in others it was probably tied to their children's birth, similar to postpartum depression in women, Davis said.
Postpartum depression
Postpartum depression is more common in women; by some estimates as many as 25% develop it shortly after childbirth. Severe cases have been linked with suicide and with deaths in children including several high-profile drownings.
Less is known about depression in new dads and the study raises important awareness about an under-recognised problem, said Dr Craig Garfield, an assistant paediatrics professor at Northwestern University and co-author of a Paediatrics editorial.
With fathers increasingly spending time on child care, including taking their kids to routine doctor visits, it's important for paediatricians to pay attention to dads' mental health, Garfield said. Close to 80% of depressed and non-depressed dads had recent contact with their child's doctor, according to the study.
Davis said his office is working on screening dads for depression and offering referrals to mental health services - a practise he and his co-authors recommend for all paediatricians.
Chris Illuminati, a New Jersey writer and stay-at-home dad with a one-year-old son, says he read postpartum brochures the paediatrician gave his wife during an office visit. He said he found himself silently answering yes to questions about symptoms.
Resenting the baby
Illuminati said he'd never experienced depression, but starting from the time his son was a few months old, he began feeling unusually down, sleep-deprived, trapped and resentful toward a baby who slept fitfully and had disrupted his life.
The 33-year-old father stressed that he loves his little boy, and has never spanked him, but has felt the frustration that might lead others to do so.
"There have been times where I've wanted to, but I've pulled back," Illuminati said.
Overall, 15% of fathers had recently spanked their children. Besides being more likely to spank, depressed dads were less likely to read to their kids –an activity the researchers called part of positive parenting. About equal numbers of depressed and non-depressed dads reported other positive interactions, such as playing games with their kids. The researchers said reading requires more focus that may be difficult when depressed.
Illuminati said he had been finding ways to avoid his son once his wife got home from work, and realised he probably needed help. "I didn't know who to talk to. I felt like a wuss if I mentioned it to anyone," he said.
Blogging about fatherhood helped, he said, and his sadness has mostly subsided now that his son is older.
"It should be studied," Illuminati said. "The hardest part is going to be getting guys to talk about it ... or even recognise it."
(Sapa, March 2011)
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