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A year after claims of sexual assault and harassment rocked the UN agency that fights HIV, UNAIDS looked like it might be on the mend.
The top deputy facing the allegations had departed, the leader who presided over the troubled institution announced plans to bow out early and managers vowed to correct the agency's "toxic" atmosphere in a scathing probe.
But the upheaval is not over.
Allegations of fraud
Confidential documents obtained by The Associated Press show UNAIDS is grappling with previously unreported allegations of financial and sexual misconduct involving Martina Brostrom, who went public last March with claims that one of the organization's top officials assaulted her in 2015.
As part of a preliminary internal inquiry, investigators for the World Health Organization, which oversees UNAIDS, wrote that they had found "evidence" that Brostrom and her former supervisor may have taken part in "fraudulent practices and misuse of travel funds", the documents show.
The inquiry was put on hold in late 2016 after Brostrom asked for whistleblower protection in a formal complaint to UNAIDS Executive Director Michel Sidibe alleging that Dr Luiz Loures, one of Sidibe's deputies, forcibly kissed her and tried to drag her out of a Bangkok hotel elevator.
In a statement that did not identify Brostrom by name, UNAIDS said the investigation was suspended "to safeguard the integrity of a potentially related sexual harassment case".
Edward Flaherty, a lawyer for Brostrom, said she had no knowledge of any such inquiry.
"She is unaware, and has not been advised, of any such investigation and denies any assertion of impropriety," Flaherty said of the Swedish employee.
Damaging distraction
The ongoing turmoil is a damaging distraction for an agency at the center of multibillion-dollar, taxpayer-funded UN efforts to end the global AIDS epidemic by 2030. The virus affects more than 37 million people worldwide and kills more than 900 000 people every year.
The allegations of sexual assault and managerial mismanagement prompted Sweden to announce last year it would suspend its funding to the agency. The Scandinavian country is UNAIDS' No. 2 donor, providing more than $30m in 2017.
"Anytime there are claims about misuse of funds, it's incredibly damaging to an agency's credibility," said Devi Sridhar, a professor of global public health at the University of Edinburgh.
"UNAIDS goes into countries to protect those who are marginalised, including sex workers, drug users, poor communities - to advocate for AIDS prevention and treatment," Sridhar said. "How can they do that when it's widely known there's an internal culture that permits bad behavior?"
Brostrom's complaint against Loures prompted two inquiries - a UN investigation that concluded there was insufficient evidence to support her claims and an independent assessment of the agency's management that found a culture of impunity and "defective leadership."
Amid the resulting criticism, Sidibe announced he would step down in June, six months early. Loures left after his contract expired last March.
Defamation campaign
Brostrom, who some credited with sparking a #MeToo movement at the UN, told Sidibe in November 2016 that her work environment became increasingly fraught immediately after the alleged assault by Loures. Brostrom was working as a technical adviser in UNAIDS' Office of Special Initiatives when the problems with Loures began.
"LL started to explicitly block my work, excluded me from participation in key meetings in areas in which I was leading and blocked my requests for duty travel," she wrote in an email that was provided to the AP.
She said she became "the victim of a malicious and anonymous defamation campaign in early 2016".
According to internal documents reviewed by the AP, the UN ethics office and other senior UNAIDS officials received a series of anonymous emails in early 2016 alleging misconduct by Brostrom's former supervisor, prompting the preliminary internal review that ultimately grew to include examining Brostrom's own conduct.
Cheated the system
Brostrom told officials that immediately after the alleged attack by Loures, she called her mother, a friend and her then-supervisor to tell them what happened. Brostrom's mother told WHO investigators that her daughter "was very upset and she was crying and she didn't think that such a thing could happen to her".
When Brostrom went public with her story, two other women described similar encounters with Loures, who denies all the allegations.
"I have always said that the allegations made against me are false," Loures told the AP in an e-mail Saturday. Loures said Brostrom's accusations against him were only made after he took steps to investigate the misconduct of her former male supervisor.
"I found (they) had not taken permission for travel on several occasions and had cheated the system," he said.
Brostrom and her former supervisor are both currently on leave from UNAIDS for undisclosed reasons. The WHO investigation into them remains preliminary.
Misuse of funds
In the preliminary report obtained by the AP, which described discussions with both Brostrom and the supervisor regarding potential misconduct, officials noted that they reviewed an array of documents, including more than 1 900 e-mails.
In one confidential memo provided to the AP, WHO investigators said they found evidence that Brostrom and her ex-boss "may have engaged in unprofessional conduct," including the misuse of funds.
The two were reproached for "abusing UN privileges by requesting special UN rates when booking hotels for the purpose of having sexual encounters." The preliminary review found one instance where Brostrom and her colleague apparently told hotel management "to forge an invoice" to claim their personal costs were business-related, the memo said.
WHO investigators also wrote that they found evidence suggesting the pair routinely used their work email accounts "to exchange messages with explicit sexual language, profanity and nudity."
WHO's initial investigation concluded "such conduct may have exposed UNAIDS to high reputational risk" and referred the matter to UNAIDS to determine "the best course of action."
The July 2018 memo was marked "confidential" and sent from WHO's Office of Internal Oversight Services to Gunilla Carlsson, deputy executive director at UNAIDS.
Culture change
The sexual assault and harassment case against Loures has been reopened and is now in the hands of the UN Office of Internal Oversight Services following criticism of how it was handled by UNAIDS and WHO.
The investigation into potential misconduct by Brostrom and her former supervisor will resume "as soon as appropriate", UNAIDS spokesperson Sophie Barton-Knott said in an email.
The lingering inquiries mean UNAIDS' new leader will inherit unfinished business that casts a shadow over donor support.
Global health expert Sridhar called for UNAIDS' management to be overhauled.
"I wouldn't give up hope on UNAIDS, but there needs to be a new leadership to change the culture there," she said. "People tend to behave badly when they think that kind of corruption is permitted."
Sweden's foreign ministry said it was not planning to restore funding to UNAIDS imminently.
The US is UNAIDS' biggest donor, supplying the agency with more than $82m in 2017.
Image credit: AP
