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With powers of smell far superior to those of humans, dogs can sniff out buried earthquake victims. They can unearth hidden bombs or drugs. They can also apparently detect colorectal cancer, Japanese researchers suggest.
Researchers from Kyushu University and colleagues report that a specially trained eight-year-old female Labrador retriever named Marine is able to detect colorectal cancer among patients with up to 98% accuracy.
A graduate of the St. Sugar Cancer-Sniffing Dog Training Center in Chiba, Japan, the dog was initially trained for water rescue and could already detect 12 types of cancer in patients' breath samples before she joined the colorectal cancer study, the researchers said.
The goal of the study was to find out whether odour can become an effective tool in colorectal cancer screening, according to lead researcher Dr. Hideto Sonoda, from the department of surgery at the Postgraduate School of Medicine at Kyushu University in Fukuoka.The report is published in the peer-reviewed journal Gut.
Stool studied from colorectal cancer patients
For the study, Sonoda's group collected samples of stool and exhaled breath from 40 patients with colorectal cancer and also from 320 healthy people. "The tests were conducted from November to June, because the dog's concentration tends to decrease during the hot summer season," Sonoda noted.
The dog was able to distinguish cancerous samples from noncancerous samples in 33 of 36 breath tests and in 37 of 38 stool tests, the researchers found. "Moreover, canine scent judgement even appeared to be highly accurate for early-stage colorectal cancer," Sonoda said.
In contrast, fecal occult blood screening - a simple, non-invasive test for colon cancer - picks up early-stage disease in only one out of 10 cases, the study noted.
Based on their findings, the researchers say the canine's evaluation of breath samples was accurate 95% of the time and her stool sample evaluation was accurate 98% of the time, compared with colonoscopy, which is the "gold standard" for identifying colon cancer.
Results of tests
In fact, the dog was able to identify cancers even when smokers and people with other stomach problems were included in the test, the researchers noted.
The tests were repeated three times, Sonoda said. "The results of all tests were correct, thereby suggesting that a specific cancer scent indeed exists," he said.
The researchers also took breath and stool samples from patients with breast, stomach and prostate cancer. "Canine scent judgement yielded correct answers for these cancers as well, suggesting that common scents may exist among various cancer types," Sonoda said.
While dogs seem to be able to pick-up the "smell" of cancer, using dogs as a screening tool is not the ultimate goal, he said.
Scent ability and concentration vary between different dogs and also with the same dog on different days, Sonoda pointed out. "Moreover, each dog can only conduct tests for a maximum of 10 years. So it is difficult to introduce canine scent judgement into clinical practise," he said.
The results of the study
For these reasons, it is necessary to identify the cancer-specific organic compounds detected by dogs and to develop an early cancer detection sensor that can be substituted for a dog's judgement, Sonoda said.
"We hope that the results of the present study will provide encouragement for the development of cancer detection and solving the biological character of cancer using odour material," he said.
Commenting on the study, Dr Ted Gansler, director of medical content at the American Cancer Society, said that "this study adds to a small number of other published articles showing similar results regarding bladder, lung and breast cancers".
"In addition to these studies, there have been several anecdotal reports of patients whose pet dogs seemed attracted to or upset by skin cancers," he added.
Although the idea of dogs recognising cancer might initially seem difficult for some people to believe, it also seems biologically plausible, Gansler said.
"We know that trained dogs can distinguish the scent of one person from another person. Dogs can also be trained to recognise very low concentrations of explosives or illegal drugs in the air. Scientists have already identified some of the chemical differences between normal and malignant tissues, so it is not surprising that some dogs can also recognise these differences," he said.
Dogs in cancer clinics?
Some might wonder whether it is time to use dogs in the clinic for cancer screening, Gansler said. "However, much more research will be needed before we can seriously think about dogs assuming roles in cancer screening similar to their current ones in law enforcement," he said.
One limitation is that the dog in this study did not reliably recognise any abnormal scent from precancerous polyps, although it was not specifically trained to do so, Gansler said. "In contrast, some colon cancer tests such as colonoscopy can accurately recognise these polyps so they can be removed by the doctor in order to prevent colon cancer before it is fully developed."
The next step is to discover the specific chemicals associated with colon cancer, or with other types of cancers, Gansler said. "Once that is done, scientists will try to develop laboratory tests that detect these chemicals as potential methods for cancer screening."
Another expert, Dr Floriano Marchetti, an assistant professor of clinical surgery and director of the Colon and Rectal Surgery Residency Program at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, said that "the direction should be to stimulate research in finding the organic compound that the dog reacts to."
If one could develop a simple screening test, it could be useful in getting more people screened for colon cancer, he said. "In this country, any type of screening for colorectal cancer is in the order of 40 to 45%. Something like this, if it were simple, would be beneficial."
(Copyright © 2010 HealthDay. All rights reserved.)
