Publications
Partners
Studies suggesting that everything from cinnamon to lobster either raises or lowers a person's risk of cancer may sometimes be a bunch of baloney, a new report suggests.
Researchers created a list of 50 random food items, then found studies from the last 35 years that claimed risks or benefits for the majority them. But most of the claims were based on weak evidence.
"We have seen a very large number of studies, just too many studies, suggesting that they had identified associations with specific food ingredients with cancer risk," said Dr John Ioannidis from the Stanford Prevention Research Center in California, who worked on the analysis.
"People get scared or they think that they should change their lives and make big decisions, and then things get refuted very quickly," he said.
No solid evidence
That back-and-forth can distract the public from associations that do have solid evidence behind them, such as the increased cancer risk tied to smoking or the beneficial effects of fruits and vegetables, he said.
"There's very strong evidence, and pretty strong expectation, that some nutrients in some foods would be related to cancer risk - either protecting or increasing the risk - but it's very hard to believe that almost anything would be associated with cancer," Dr Ioannidis added.
How the study was done
For their study, he and Dr Jonathan Schoenfeld from Harvard Medical School in Boston selected the first 50 ingredients they found in randomly-chosen cookbook recipes.
That list included meats and fish, vegetables, dairy products, bread and spices.
The researchers then ran each ingredient through a medical journal database search to see if there were any studies tying consumption to cancer.
For 40 out of the 50 ingredients - including veal, celery, cheese and mustard - there were a total of 264 such studies. Of those, 103 suggested the ingredient was tied to an increased risk of cancer, and 88 to a decreased risk.
Studies on some ingredients, such as onions, carrots and tea, almost all showed a decreased cancer risk, and for others, like bacon and sugar, most or all findings showed a higher risk. But for many foods, study results were all over the map.
The average effect shown in each study was about a doubling of cancer risk or a halving of risk, depending on which direction the association went for a particular ingredient in a particular report. However, the data backing those claims was usually unconvincing, the two researchers said.
In larger reviews that included multiple studies, the links between each particular food item and cancer risk were typically smaller or nonexistent, according to the pair's findings.
"You have all these individual studies, and people are not getting together and trying to figure out what is going on in terms of the entire picture," said Dr Teresa Fung, a professor of nutrition at Simmons College in Boston.
"It's a system problem. It's also how science is reported," said Dr Fung, who also has an adjunct appointment at the Harvard School of Public Health.
"I agree with their point that there's room for improvement in the way nutrition and cancer is researched and reported to the public," said Dr Marjorie McCullough, strategic director of nutritional epidemiology at the American Cancer Society. "These individual results often get taken out of context," said Dr McCullough, who like Dr Fung wasn't involved in the new analysis. I would caution people not to over-interpret individual studies and look to guidelines that have been published" based on more comprehensive reviews, she added.
Nutrition still important
Of course, none of this means nutrition isn't important for cancer risk and general health. Dr McCullough said the evidence is building that extra weight plays a role in many cancers, and maintaining a healthy body weight is an important part of ACS's guidelines.
But when it comes to diet itself, it may be more important to focus on larger patterns, rather than specific foods, she added.
"Sometimes we need to take a step back and look at things from a different perspective," Dr Fung said.
(Reuters Health, December 2012)
Read More:
