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Brain cancer is now the deadliest childhood cancer in the US, now ahead of leukaemia, a result of improved leukaemia treatment and a frustrating lack of progress on brain cancer.
Cancer is number four
Government statisticians have reported the change in rankings, drawing from a review of 15 years of death certificates.
"I think most people, when they think of childhood cancer, think of leukaemia," said Sally Curtin of the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. "This is kind of a changing of the guard."
Cancer is the fourth leading cause of death for children overall, accounting for about 1 in 10 childhood deaths in 2014. About a quarter these cancer deaths, or 534, were due to brain cancer. There were 445 leukaemia deaths.
Read: Strides made in treating childhood cancer
Accidental injuries remained the leading cause of death for those under 19, followed by suicide and murder, according to the report.
There are still more new cases of leukaemia each year than new cases of brain cancer, but it no longer accounts for the most deaths. That's due to advances in leukaemia treatment over the past few decades and because leukaemia is easier than brain cancer to treat, experts said.
Similar for adults
"Some types of leukaemia that a generation ago were almost universally fatal are now almost universally treatable," said Curtin, a statistician who worked on the report.
But the rate of death from brain cancer for children has held at about the same level for at least 15 years, according to the CDC report.
Read: Tips for parents of children with cancer
The trends are similar for adults, too, according to the American Cancer Society.
Leukaemia is a type cancer that affects the blood. That makes it easier for doctors to get to it and fight it with treatments like chemotherapy.
Different approaches
The brain is protected by a barrier which helps keeps many dangerous chemicals — including many cancer drugs — from getting to brain tissue or brain tumours. Surgery is difficult and sometimes impossible, depending on where the tumour is located in the brain. Radiation treatment can damage the development of a child's brain.
Read: Childhood cancer: Know the facts
"There's survival, and then there's survival at a price," said Dr Katherine Warren, an expert in paediatric brain tumour research at the National Cancer Institute.
Another factor is that scientists have only recently begun to understand that paediatric brain cancers may be biologically different from adult versions, and could require different approaches to treatment.
In 2014, the brain cancer death rate was about 0.7 per 100,000 children ages 1 through 19. The leukaemia death rate was about 0.6. The overall paediatric cancer death rate dropped by about a fifth between 1999 and 2014, the CDC reported, helped by the reduction in leukaemia deaths.
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