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In a bit of good news, the rate of diagnoses for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among US preschoolers has levelled off, a new study finds.
First-line therapy
At the same time, the prescribing rate of stimulant medications for these young patients has also stayed steady, a promising trend that researchers credit to treatment guidelines that were introduced in 2011.
The guidelines, issued by the American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP), called for a standardised approach to diagnosis, and recommended behaviour therapy – not drugs – as the first-line therapy for preschoolers.
"There [was] a concern that preschoolers get too much behavioural diagnosis and medications for behaviour problems," explained study author Dr Alexander Fiks. He is associate medical director of the Paediatric Research Consortium at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
One in every three children diagnosed with ADHD is diagnosed during preschool years, Fiks said. Of these kids, 47 percent are treated with medication alone or in combination with behaviour therapy, according to the study authors.
Read: Treating ADHD
Among more than 87,000 children aged 4 to 5, about 0.7 percent were diagnosed with ADHD before the guidelines, the study showed.
After the guidelines, 0.9 percent of more than 56,000 kids were diagnosed with the disorder. And, the rate of prescribing stimulant medications such as Ritalin remained constant, at 0.4 percent of those diagnosed with ADHD, according to the report.
Little downside to behaviour therapy
"One might have worried that if you were telling paediatricians how to manage preschool ADHD that all of a sudden there would be an explosion in the number of kids being diagnosed, or many more would be on medication. And the fact that the increasing trend levelled off is reassuring and that medication use didn't increase is also reassuring," Fiks said.
"It suggests paediatricians are taking the guidelines to heart and not using them as a reason to willy-nilly label kids with ADHD," Fiks said. "When parents of preschoolers are confronted with a child with behaviour problems, it's reasonable to talk with their paediatrician."
But one child psychologist isn't convinced that the guidelines made a significant difference.
"It really doesn't look like the guidelines have had much of an effect," said Brandon Korman, a neuropsychologist at Nicklaus Children's Hospital in Miami.
"What's really of concern is that, according to the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, there hasn't been an increase in psychological services, as the AAP had recommended," he said.
Read: Behaviour therapy better for ADHD than drugs
It's unfortunate that behaviour therapy hasn't been used more, Korman said. "Even if the kid is diagnosed with ADHD and they don't have ADHD, there's very little downside to behaviour therapy – it's different than giving your kid medication that has a potential downside," he added.
Korman said the problem is twofold: Paediatricians aren't referring kids for behaviour therapy, and too few qualified therapists are available to treat all the children who need help.
"We need to make more of a collaborative effort between the medical folks and the behavioural health folks to come together to provide the best care for our kids," he said.
The study was published online in the journal Paediatrics.
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