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The twins were seven, shy and scared. Talking was tough and describing what happened nearly impossible. So the prosecutor preparing them to testify against the father they said molested them borrowed a dog named Jeeter.
"It was a last ditch effort to try to build rapport with my kids, who are terribly shy," said Kelly Dempsey, the twins' mother. "The prosecutor had no idea how to get through to them. He just believed down to the depths of his soul the girls had been wronged and he wanted so badly to find justice for them."
In Seattle 10 years ago, Jeeter became the first professionally trained dog to help a child testify, experts said. Dogs have been used with thousands of victims and witnesses since.
Challenges facing courthouse dogs
Today, there are 41 courthouse dogs working in 19 US states and several more being considered, but some challenges are working their way through the courts, driven by attorneys who claim the dogs are distractions or sympathy magnets. So far, all lower courts have upheld the use of dogs.
In 2003, Jeeter was going to drug court once a week with King County deputy prosecutor Ellen O'Neill-Stephens. The rest of the week, Jeeter belonged to her son Sean, 21, who has cerebral palsy.
When her colleague asked to borrow Jeeter for the twins, the bonding was instant.
"Because of Jeeter and having him there, I don't ever think about 'Oh, it was scary walking in and seeing our dad after a while,'" said Erin, now a high school sophomore. "I don't remember the bad, I only remember Jeeter. I think we escaped so much more normal than really we should have from such a bad situation because of Jeeter."
The AP normally doesn't use names or photos of molestation victims, but the girls are allowing their first names and photos to be used because they want dogs to be available in courts. Their mother has a different last name.
Jeeter shadowed the girls. "I remember sitting in the chair. Between questions, he'd put his head in my lap and cuddle a little. One time (during a practice court session), he came into the room dressed as Zorro," Erin said.
When there were questions about anatomy, the girls used Jeeter.
"A good dog provides decreased anxiety for any victim, be it a child, adult or elderly. If it gives them the opportunity to focus and find their voice, how is that bad?" Dempsey asked.
There were no objections to Jeeter in the twins' case, and demand for a dog was so high that in 2004, the district attorney's office got a full-time service dog, Ellie.
Training the dogs
Jeeter and Ellie were trained by Canine Companions for Independence, headquartered in Santa Rosa, north of San Francisco.
CCI has trained about 230 "facility dogs," including courthouse dogs and those working at burn centers, hospices or schools. The dogs are mostly Labrador or golden retrievers or mixes, said Jeanine Konopelski, CCI's national director of marketing.
Five years ago, O'Neill-Stephens was so sure that victims and witnesses would benefit from a good dog in court that she founded Courthouse Dogs Foundation in honour of her son. She retired in 2011 to devote full-time to it.
O'Neill-Stephens and Courthouse Dogs Foundation Executive Director Celeste Walsen are also helping set up programmes in Canada, Chile and Finland, and to standardise the training for courthouse dogs.
Face up to
The next challenge to the dogs is scheduled mid-May in Washington state's Supreme Court.
The case involves a man convicted of burglarising a Seattle apartment in 2008. Because the victim had the mental skills of a child, he was allowed to use Ellie when he testified.
An appeals court upheld the use of the dog, so attorney Jan Trasen with the Washington Appellate Project took the case to the higher court.
Trasen contends there is no precedent for using a dog in court. The state says it's covered by a law that allows vulnerable witnesses to hold a Teddy bear or doll.
Trasen said you can't compare the two, because "those items are all inanimate objects. They don't move. They don't look you in the eye. They don't respond to the human voice. I have a dog, I love dogs. It's actually for that very reason, I know how well people respond to them."
A ruling is pending in a similar case argued before an appellate court in New York.
Jurors in the twins' case were unable to reach a verdict, so a mistrial was declared. Before a second trial could begin, the girls' father pleaded guilty to third- and fourth-degree assault.
"He didn't end up serving any time. He was held accountable in a way that other people deemed appropriate. But he was removed from the girls' lives, so really, I couldn't ask for anything better," Dempsey said.
In November, 2004, as the trial finished, the twins signed up to raise a puppy with CCI — to thank O'Neill-Stephens and Jeeter. They got Alou and took him to puppy classes, helped socialise him and taught him commands.
"We felt empowered because we could help somebody the way Jeeter helped us," Dempsey said.
Alou was nearly two when he left for advanced training and placement, but nine months later the family got a call asking if they wanted Alou back. He was unable to take commands from a variety of handlers.
"It's like he'd never been gone," Jordan said. "Mom opened the door and he came bounding out and jumped in the car and loved us. I think he was meant to be a service dog to Erin and Jordan," Dempsey said.
He's nine now and sleeps a lot. "But even today, he will seek out somebody
feeling bad in the family and curl up at their feet," she said.
