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- Many people doubt if men can really be equally attracted to males and females
- Men who identify as bisexual are often regarded with suspicion and face discrimination
- A genital arousal test proved that a large number of men are aroused by both sexes
Is male bisexuality real? According to a new review, the answer is a definitive "yes."
"The current study found very strong and consistent evidence that bisexual men do in fact tend to have bisexual arousal patterns," noted study author J. Michael Bailey. "There is no longer reasonable doubt."
Bailey is a psychology professor at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He and his colleagues came to their conclusion after poring over the findings of eight sexual orientation studies conducted between 2000 and 2019 at four different American, Canadian and British sites.
"There has long been a controversy whether men who identify as bisexual are actually bisexual. The bisexual men and many others believe that they are," Bailey explained.
Viewed with suspicion
"However, some others – including some scientists and laypersons – have doubted this," he noted. The reason: a belief that men who claim to be bisexual "are actually either heterosexual or homosexual, and that their claim to be bisexual is based on self-misunderstanding, perhaps due to social pressure not to admit exclusive homosexuality".
Scepticism of female bisexuality – though not the focus of the latest investigation – has largely been more muted, Bailey noted.
But Caitlin Ryan, director of the Family Acceptance Project at San Francisco State University, suggests that the controversy surrounding male bisexuality has proved problematic for those who identify as such. (A 2016 study led by Bailey indicated that about 5% of men say they have "at least some attraction to both sexes".)
"People who identify as bisexual – especially men – are often viewed with suspicion, and this includes a perception that they won't commit to being gay," she said. "They are often discriminated against and stigmatised."
Against that backdrop, Bailey and his team decided to review sexual orientation research that had been completed at Northwestern University; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto; the University of Essex in Colchester, UK; and Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
Genital arousal test
All told, the studies enlisted just over 600 men, with an average age of about 29. Two-thirds were white, 12% were Black and nearly 6% were Hispanic. All were genetically male at birth.
From the start, 178 of the men described themselves as "exclusively heterosexual", while 102 said they were "mostly" straight, 139 said they were "exclusively homosexual", and 70 said they were "mostly" gay.
The remaining 117 men said they were bisexual: 46 said they were bisexual but leaned straight; 37 said they were bisexual but leaned gay; and 34 said they were simply bisexual.
Those 117 men were therefore classified as falling in the "bisexual range" of the seven-point Kinsey scale, an orientation measure developed by the renowned 20th-century biologist Alfred Kinsey. That meant they registered as a 2, 3 or 4, with 0 meaning exclusively straight and 6 meaning exclusively gay.
All enrollees then participated in a genital arousal test. It involves placing a circumference gauge around the penis. This allows researchers to measure arousal patterns as participants view erotic video clips or still images involving either men or women. None of the studies involved mixed-gender stimulation.
In the end, Bailey and his colleagues excluded from their analysis about 100 participants who weren't aroused by any of the erotic videos or photos.
Broader acceptance of bisexuality
But nearly 500 men were aroused. And when it came to being aroused, those who said they were bisexual did in fact register as 2, 3 and 4 on the Kinsey scale.
That did not necessarily mean that such men were equally attracted to both men and women. In fact, "our results suggest that even most men who say they are equally attracted to men and women have some preference for one or the other sex," said Bailey.
But it did mean that bisexual men were more aroused by men than straight men, more aroused by women than gay men, and more evenly attracted to both genders than either straight or gay men.
Ryan was not involved in the review. But she suggested that the findings could be helpful in paving the way towards broader acceptance of bisexuality as a whole and bisexual men in particular.
"These findings are important, since research routinely shows higher mental health risks and experiences of rejection for bisexual youth and adults related to stigma," she said.
Bailey and his colleagues reported their findings in the 20 July issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Image credit: iStock
