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Whatley's frustrated widow carefully pulled the pristine 1964 Fender Stratocaster from under their bed and put it up for auction on eBay, pledging half the proceeds for Merkel cell carcinoma research and the rest to pay his medical bills. She knew scientists were having little luck finding money to study a killer so rare that few doctors recognize it, much less know how to treat it.

She wound up donating $15 000 (roughly R105 000) last year to the University of Washington - not where her husband was treated, but where Merkel cell authority Dr Paul Nghiem is struggling to collect samples of patients' tumours to unravel genes that fuel the cancer.

Little funds for rare diseases
Merkel cell carcinoma provides a poignant glimpse of the desperate intersection of research dollars and the suffering wrought by rare diseases.

It is a cancer only recognised as distinct from melanoma - even more aggressive, and needing different treatment - about 15 years ago.

Here's the rub: The first sign is a painless bump, often reddish to purple, that can resemble a benign cyst, confusing even dermatologists about whether a biopsy's needed. But Merkel cell carcinoma spreads rapidly once that bump appears. A third of patients die in three years, double melanoma's mortality in the US

Yet there have been no well-controlled studies of the best treatment. Intense radiation is key - unlike melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma seems unusually radiation-sensitive, says Nghiem. There is no evidence that adding chemotherapy right away helps, and it may even worsen patients' chances, he adds.

Only last month was the first comprehensive report on symptoms and risk factors published. It almost exclusively hits Caucasians, over age 50, on sun-exposed skin. And while a weak immune system greatly increases risk, most patients, puzzlingly, have normal immunity.

Then in January, University of Pittsburgh scientists announced they had discovered a previously unknown virus lurking inside Merkel cell tumours, a virus that just may be the cancer's trigger.

Could have been done long ago
"If we'd had funding, we could have done this easily five years ago," says lead researcher Dr Patrick Moore.

Despite earlier success discovering another cancer virus, Moore couldn't win government money for the Merkel cell research and spent years cobbling together dollars to do it. The next step, also so far unfunded, is to create a blood test for this "Merkel cell polyomavirus," to see how common it is and why it only rarely harms.

Indeed, for two decades, Merkel cell research has depended on small pilot grants and family fundraising like Whatley's, says Nghiem. Last week, he won what is believed the disease's biggest research grant to date, $840 000 from the American Cancer Society.

Rare diseases always struggle against more common killers for funding.

No profit margin
"There's no money invested in finding a cure because there's no profit margin, there's so few patients," says George Campbell, who founded a Google-based support group for Merkel cell patients after his 2005 diagnosis.

But belt-tightening today cuts across all diseases. The US National Institutes of Health's budget has been essentially flat since 2003, which a recent report found equal to a 13 percent drop if medical inflation is counted.

One consequence: Last year, the number of clinical trials run by NIH's premier cancer network dropped enough that 3 000 fewer patients were enrolled, says Dr Allen Lichter of the American Society for Clinical Oncology.

Meanwhile, a small fraternity of Merkel cell patients has banded together to push education, of doctors and the newly diagnosed - both to help them navigate the frightening treatment maze, and to urge them to donate tumour-tissue samples to Nghiem's lab.

"The time it takes, the research, there's just not an awareness of this at all," says Keith Boyer, 72, whose Merkel cell has not returned since radiation two years ago.- (Sapa-AP)

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Skin Centre

April 2008
 

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