These changes can lead to dysuria (painful urination), nocturia (urination at night) and urge incontinence (the need to urinate triggered by the bladder).

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Another symptom which may be associated with these changes is stress incontinence, which is involuntary urine leakage occurring with coughing, laughing, sneezing, exercising or sudden exertion. However, stress incontinence can have organic causes and is not alleviated by hormone replacement therapy. HRT will only have a positive effect on the bladder regarding the symptoms of bladder irritability.

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