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There are two main types of vaccine:

• Live "attenuated" vaccines (measles, mumps, rubella, poliomyelitis). These are solutions of the micro-organisms which have been altered in such a way as to render them incapable of producing the original disease, but capable of stimulating an immune response. These are the most successful types of vaccines, generally providing life-long protection.
• Killed vaccines (Hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, influenza). These are solutions of dead micro-organisms which can still produce an immune response. They include inactivated bacterial toxoids (eg tetanus), whole or partial virus preparations (eg flu) and proteins made by recombinant DNA technology (eg Hep B). They require a primary course of immunisation, usually two to three injections spaced at intervals. Often booster immunisation is needed approximately every five years if immunity is to be maintained.

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