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At the University of Chicago's Comer Children's Hospital and several other hospitals around the US, strangers offer a simple yet powerful service for newborns too tiny or sick to go home.
When nurses are swamped with other patients and parents cannot make it to the hospital, grandmas, empty-nesters, college students and other volunteers step in. They hold the babies, swaddle them, sing and coo to them, rock them, and treat them as if they were their own.
Not too sick to touch
"You can see them calm, you can see their heart rate drop, you can see their little brows relax," said Kathleen Jones, 52, a cuddler at the Chicago hospital. "They're fighting so hard and they're undergoing all this medical drama and trauma. My heart breaks for them a little bit."
Newborn intensive care units are noisy, stressful environments. There are babies born extremely prematurely, or with birth defects and other illnesses. Some are too sick to be held – but not too sick to touch. Cuddlers reach a finger inside their incubators and stroke tiny bare bellies.
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Scientific evidence on benefits of cuddling programmes is scarce, but the benefits of human touch are well-known. In one study, gentle caressing or placing a hand on preterm infants reduced levels of stress hormones. Other recent studies have suggested touch may benefit initiative
Studies also suggest that early negative experiences – including pain, stress and separation from other humans – may hamper brain development, while research in animals shows that positive interactions enhance brain growth, said Dr Jerry Schwartz, medical director of medical neonatology at Torrance Memorial Medical Centre near Los Angeles.
And the baby stops crying
The benefit "at the most superficial level" is obvious, he said. "A baby is crying, mom's not there, the nurse is busy with other sick babies, and it's an unpleasant life experience to be crying and unattended to, and, voila, a cuddler comes over and the baby stops crying."
Nancy Salcido has been a cuddler at Torrance for a year. Her two daughters are grown, and she considers her three-hour cuddling shifts good practice for any potential grandchildren.
"I just kind of hold them close to me ... and talk to them, sharing my day, or give them little pep talks," Salcido said. "One of the nurses has nicknamed me the baby whisperer."
Parents typically must consent for their babies to be part of cuddling programmes, and cuddlers must undergo background checks and training before starting the job. At Chicago's Comer hospital, that includes lessons in how to swaddle babies tight to make them feel safe and how to manoeuvre around intravenous lines, as well as instruction in hygiene, including frequent hand-washing.
At the Golisano Children's Hospital in Rochester, New York, one cuddler is a young man born there prematurely long ago. He "just wants to come and give back," said Chris Tryon, a child life specialist at the hospital, part of the University of Rochester Medical Centre.
Quite a blessing
Comer's cuddlers include 74-year-old Frank Dertz, a retired carpenter who heard about the programme from his daughter, a Comer nurse.
"It's quite a blessing for me. I get more out of it than the babies, I think," Dertz said.
Kathleen Jones says the same thing. A mother of three grown daughters and grandmother of two little girls, she joined Comer's program in 2012, working a couple afternoons a week or sometimes at night.
"They say that I look so in love with them when I'm there, but I cannot NOT crack an ear-to-ear smile whenever I pick that little guy or girl up."
Her love seems obvious as she rocks a stranger's newborn, the baby girl's tiny hand gripping Jones' finger.
"Ooh, I want to take you home," Jones coos. "You're so brave ... you're going to be feisty, aren't you?"
Cuddling care
Jones used to wonder why parents or other relatives aren't comforting their own babies. But then, in August, her youngest grandchild was born deaf, with brain damage doctors say was caused by a virus her mom contracted before birth. Evelyn Steadman spent her first three weeks at Comer, and got cuddling care while she was there.
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While family members visited often, "life happens and you can't sit by a bedside for three weeks," Jones said.
Erica Steadman had had a C-section, and already had her hands full with a toddler at home.
"She was being held and loved and watched over," she said. "I felt a great sense of relief from that."
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