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Psychological factors can have as much-or more-impact on paediatric chest pain as physical ones, a University of Georgia study found.
UGA psychologists discovered paediatric patients diagnosed with non-cardiac chest pain have higher levels of anxiety and depression than patients diagnosed with innocent heart murmurs-the noise of normal turbulent blood flow in a structurally normal heart.
The UGA research was done in collaboration with Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University."The fact that these psychological symptoms are higher in non-cardiac chest pain patients suggests the psychological symptoms may be playing a role in the presentation of chest pain," said Jennifer Lee, a doctoral candidate in the UGA Franklin College of Arts and Sciences and the study's lead author.
The results of the study, which were published in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology, show a statistically significant increase in anxiety and depression among patients who are later diagnosed with non-cardiac chest pain when compared to patients diagnosed with innocent heart murmurs. Lee said it is not clear if the anxiety is a cause of the pain or if pain caused the anxiety in the sample group.
"The higher levels weren't so high as to cause a clinical diagnosis on their own, but when you contrast the two groups, there were statistically significant differences," said study co-author Ronald Blount, a psychology professor in the Franklin College.
How the study was done
The study included 129 patients ages 8 to 18. The group completed surveys prior to diagnosis. All patients were essentially in the same situation-sitting in a cardiology office awaiting their unknown medical diagnosis. "We are highlighting that psychology has a part in these symptoms," Blount said, "and screening for psychological, as well as medical factors, is one implication we foresee coming from this investigation."
Chest pain can indicate serious medical conditions that require a doctor's evaluation. In adults, pain in the chest is often linked to a cardiac problem. In children, however, less than 2% of patients receive a cardiac diagnosis for their pain.
The Sibley Heart Center at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta is one of the largest paediatric heart centres in the world, seeing an average of 2 500 new patients with acute chest pain each year.
"We know up front that 99% of these patients will not have a heart complication at all. The trick is, it is not zero, and I cannot miss the one patient with heart disease because the consequences could be catastrophic," said Dr Robert Campbell, chief of the Sibley Heart Center and division director of the department of paediatrics at the Emory University School of Medicine.
The study also observed that non-cardiac chest pain patients have a higher level of functional disability-or the inability to participate in everyday activities like running across a football field or making it through a day without a nap. They also spent less time at school and were less involved in extra-curricular activities.
Body shows signs of stress
"These kids also report greater levels of physical symptoms with unclear causes, like joint pain, stomach aches, headaches," Lee said. "These symptoms are believed to be psychological manifestations of stress. Sometimes your brain doesn't tell you that you are stressed out, but your body does, so you will experience symptoms like these."
Paediatric patients with non-cardiac chest pain also reported higher levels of anxiety sensitivity, a fear of experiencing physical symptoms and additionally fearing that those symptoms are related to a catastrophic health issue.
"Psychological functioning is heavily related to pain," Blount said. "Pain is a sensory experience, but your attention to one thing or another and your emotions can impact your experience of pain. And how debilitating the pain is for you can be determined by psychological and social factors. That is what we were interested in looking at."
Previous studies have shown reducing emotional symptoms can lead to better coping ability with pain, Lee said. "A goal with these patients would be to create a clearer, more comprehensive picture of what is going on and determine a better way to help these kids and adolescents."
Campbell said the UGA research helps him serve the majority of his patients who leave his office with a clean bill of health but unexplained chest pain.
"Most importantly what we've learned is that after a physical evaluation of the patient, we take the time to sit down with the family and find out what they are most worried about so we can address their psychological issues," Campbell said. "We've learned to pay attention and to be confident and reassuring. I need to make it clear to my patients and their parents that I'm not saying you are not having pain, but that the pain is not caused by your heart."
(EurekAlert, November 2012)
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