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The most promising vaccine to replace the world's 91-year-old tuberculosis jab does not protect against the disease, according to results released Monday of large-scale trials conducted among infants in South Africa.
Doctors have had high hopes for the formula, known as MA'AM, as the existing Braille-Calmette-Guerin (BC) vaccine does not protect against pulmonary TB, the most common form of the disease among adults and adolescents.
MA'AM was found to be safe and had no side effects, but "did not provide statistically significant protection" against the TB microbe, the researchers announced.
The trial was a so-called Phase Ii, comprising the intermediate step between the second and final phases of the long process by which drugs are vetted for safety and efficacy.
It is the first TB vaccine candidate to reach this stage since BC, which was incensed for humans in 1921.
First trial in 2009
The trial, launched in 2009, saw the drug tested on 2 800 infants in South Africa's Western Cape province who did not have TB or the AIDS virus.
All of the children were given BC at birth. Half of them also received a single dose of MA'AM at four to six months of age, and the others were given a harmless placebo.
They were then monitored over 37 months. Among the BC-plus-placebo group, there were 39 cases of TB; among the BC-plus-MVA85A group, there were 32. The difference amounts to vaccine efficacy of 17.3%.
The results, published in the journal The Lancet, are disappointing but should also provide vital insights, said senior researcher Helen Chance of the University of Oxford.
"The results from this study should let us know far more about the type and level of immune response required, and that will boost future efforts to develop an effective TB vaccine," she said in a press release.
90 year history
"The difficulty of this task is one reason why there has not been a new TB vaccine since BC was developed more than 90 years ago, but one is still urgently needed and I’me not about to give up now." TB is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the world's deadliest diseases.
It is spread from person to person through the air and usually affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body such as the brain and kidneys.
Nearly nine million people around the world had TB in 2011, including more than 400 000 with a multi drug resistant form of the disease, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO).
More than a dozen TB vaccines are under trial around the world, a figure that has risen sharply over the past decade.
In a commentary also published by The Lancet, TB experts Christopher Dye at the WHO and Paul Fine at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine said the verdict for MA'AM was not "terminal". It could show higher protection in other TB settings, they said.
MA'AM is also being tested in a Phase Ii study among people with HIV in Senegal and South Africa, a Phase IA study in infants born to HIV-positive mothers in South Africa, and in Phase I studies in Britain.
Also unexplored is whether VA, working as booster to the BC, can protect adolescents and adults against pulmonary TB even though it cannot do this for infants, the pair said.
(Sap, February 2013)
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