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Women suffering from sleep apnoea have, on the whole, a higher degree of brain damage than men with the disorder, according to a first-of-its-kind study conducted by researchers at the UCLA School of Nursing. The findings are reported in the journal SLEEP.
Obstructive sleep apnoea is a serious disorder that occurs when a person's breathing is repeatedly interrupted during sleep, sometimes hundreds of times. Each time, the oxygen level in the blood drops, eventually resulting in damage to many cells in the body. If left untreated, it can lead to high blood pressure, stroke, heart failure, diabetes, depression and other serious health problems.
Approximately 10 years ago, this UCLA research team was the first to show that men with obstructive sleep apnoea have damage to their brain cells.
For this latest, multi-year study, "Sex Differences in White Matter Alterations Accompanying Obstructive Sleep Apnea," the researchers looked at patients who were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnoea at the UCLA Sleep Laboratory.
How the study was done
They compared the nerve fibres in these patients' brains — known as white matter — to fibres of individuals without sleep problems and focused on unearthing the difference in brain damage between men and women with sleep apnoea.
"While there are a great many brain studies done on sleep apnoea and the impact on one's health, they have typically focused on men or combined groups of men and women, but we know that obstructive sleep apnoea affects women very differently than men," said chief investigator Paul Macey, assistant professor and associate dean of information technology and innovations at the UCLA School of Nursing.
"This study revealed that, in fact, women are more affected by sleep apnoea than are men and that women with obstructive sleep apnoea have more severe brain damage than men suffering from a similar condition."
Additional findings in the study
In particular, the study found that women were impacted in the cingulum bundle and the anterior cingulate cortex, areas in the front of the brain involved in decision-making and mood regulation. The women with sleep apnoea also showed higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms, the researchers said.
"This tells us that doctors should consider that the sleep disorder may be more problematic and therefore need earlier treatment in women than men," Macey said.
With this finding as a foundation, Macey said that the next step is for researchers to "untangle the timing of the brain changes" and find out if treating sleep apnoea can help the brain.
"What we don't yet know," he said, "is, did sleep apnoea cause the brain damage, did the brain damage lead to the sleep disorders, or do the common comorbidities, such as depression, dementia or cardiovascular issues, cause the brain damage, which in turn leads to sleep apnea."
(EurekAlert, December 2012)
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