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Not only is Syrian father Motaz struggling to put food on the table, he must also pay astronomical prices to import insulin for his diabetic son because of drug shortages in the war-torn country.
Drug production in Syria has plunged ever since an uprising broke out against President Bashar al-Assad 30 months ago and degenerated into civil war.
"I must count every penny because my son's treatment takes up a big portion of my salary," the 46-year-old Motaz said.
His three children no longer enjoy any day trips because "the priority now is to treat the 12-year-old boy," he added.
Pharmaceutical factories are struggling
The shortage caused by the raging war has created "a very critical situation" in Syria, noted the World Health Organisation's (WHO) Elisabeth Hoff. "Pharmaceutical factories only cover 20% to 30% of the needs, though they used to cover 90%" before the conflict, she said.
Hoff explained that most factories are located in the central city of Homs, Aleppo in the north and in the outskirts of Damascus.
The three areas have seen some of the worst fighting and destruction in the conflict.
18 of 73 factories have closed down because of damage, transport difficulties and a halt in raw material imports.
The WHO warned in March that drug production had fallen because of restrictions on imports, fluctuations in the exchange rate and spiralling production costs.
Import difficulties
Syria's pharmaceutical companies suffer import difficulties because of Western restrictions on financial transactions.
Hoff complained, saying "vital materials such as medicines must not be placed under such restrictions."
Chamber of Industry director Fares Shehabi said factories suffering shortages "are forced to import their raw materials at parallel exchange rates."
The Syrian pound has lost much of its value during the course of the conflict, and there is a vast gap between the official exchange rate and the black market rate that factories are forced to use when importing goods.
Syrian Prime Minister in denial
A government newspaper warned recently of "a real catastrophe", as locally produced medicines are in short supply and "foreign-produced medicines are smuggled in at five times the price."
Yet Prime Minister Wael al-Halqi insisted in a televised statement on Tuesday that "Syria's drug security is stable."
"All medicines are available, barring some... which will be imported from friendly countries, mainly Cuba, Iran, Pakistan, as wells as the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa)," Halqi pointed out.
But the Central Bank has halted all transfers at the official exchange rate, forcing factories to stop producing several drugs because of the higher costs.
"The crisis is having a very serious effect on the pharmaceutical industry," said health ministry lab director Habib Abbud.
He said just "10 factories could cover Syria's needs" if "they can import raw materials without restrictions."
Abbud described those who have continued to produce medicines as "heroes," adding that the ministry provides people who have health insurance with free drugs at hospitals.
Struggling to find medicines
But others struggle to find medicines, a real concern Hoff said, particularly for those wounded in the fighting.
Umm Maher, 75, spoke to a friend in Europe to try to obtain a medicine she needs for her hypertension.
She complained the drugs will cost her "10 times more" than they would have if she could have purchased them locally.
Maher refuses to buy smuggled drugs, even though they are cheaper, because she fears they could be expired, or contain different ingredients than advertised.
Diabetics complain that their insulin is brought into the country without the necessary refrigeration.
Hoff says the priority now is to prevent epidemics by taking steps against communicable diseases.
Solution to the problem
To help ease the shortage, the government has cancelled pharmaceutical exclusivity rights, so any company can produce any medication.
Some factories have stepped up production of drugs formerly made by companies that have been affected by the war, in order to make up for shortfalls, said Basel al-Jundi, production manager at the Ibn Zaher factory.
But this has had a "counter-effect by raising the cost of imported materials," causing companies to lose profits, Jundi said.
Factories are committed to continue production, "but the problem... is that they are funding themselves from profits. While they can handle the burden to an extent, the risk of bankruptcy is there," he added.
(Picture: pills form Shutterstock)
