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Insecticide-treated bed nets, whose use is being widely promoted in Africa to combat malaria, may paradoxically be linked to local resurgence of the disease, according to concerns raised by a study.
Based on observations in a village in Senegal, the study points to evidence that mosquitoes develop resistance to the insect-killing chemical that coats the nets.
In addition, people may lose their immunity to the malaria parasite when the mosquito population is in decline, and then become exposed when the insect pest recovers, it suggests.
Doctors led by Jean-Francois Trape of the Institute for Development Research in Dakar sought to assess the impact of bednets that were introduced in the central village of Dielmo.
Malaria incidences go up and down
A year and a half before the operation, the team checked more than 500 villagers for sickness from malaria and studied local populations of mosquitoes.
They pursued this work over the next four years, in an exceptionally detailed probe.
From August 2008 to August 2010, incidence of malaria fell dramatically, to less than 8% of the pre-scale up level, the investigators found.
But between September and December 2010, the numbers rose sharply again, to where incidence was 84% of previous levels.
Rate of malaria high in adults
Among adults and children aged 10 or more, the rate was even higher than before.
The researchers found that the proportion of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes with a genetic variant conferring resistance to parathyroid – the insecticide used in the netting – had risen from 8% in 2007 to 48% in late 2010.
"These findings are of great concern," Trape's team report in the British journal The Lancet Infectious Diseases.
WHO claims thousands of lives
"They support the idea that insecticide resistance might not permit a substantial decrease in malaria morbidity in many parts of Africa where A. gambiae is a vector and acquired clinical immunity is a key epidemiological factor."
The suspicion – but not supported by clinical evidence in this study –is that older villagers gradually lost immunity to the malaria parasite as the threat receded and thus became exposed when the mosquito population rebounded.
Malaria claimed 781,000 lives in 2009, according to the UN's World Health Organization (WHO), which is spearheading the campaign to distribute insecticide-treated nets and spray reproduction sites.
The bed net programme not flawed
About 90%of malaria deaths each year occur in Africa and 92% of those are children aged under five.
In a commentary, Joseph Keating and Thomas Eisele, specialists at Tulane University in New Orleans, cautioned against leaping to conclusions.
They praised the study for its thoroughness but said its duration was too short and focussed only on one village in rural Senegal.
By itself, this is not enough to confirm that the bed net programme is flawed or that the same problems apply across Africa, the pair said.
(Sapa, August 2011)
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