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Indian pharmaceutical tycoon Yusuf Hamied revolutionised Aids treatment more than a decade ago by supplying cut-price drugs to the world's poor – and now he wants to do the same for cancer.
Hamied, chairman of generic drugs giant Cipla, last month slashed the cost of three medicines to fight brain, kidney and lung cancer in India, making the drugs up to more than four times cheaper.
"I hope we'll cut prices of many more cancer drugs," he said, adding that he wants to supply the cheaper drugs to Africa and elsewhere.
"Reducing the price of cancer drugs is a humanitarian move."
Hamied, 76, was pilloried by Western drug giants 11 years ago when he broke their monopoly by offering to supply life-saving triple therapy Aids drug cocktails for under R8 a day – one-thirtieth the price of the multinationals.
Path breaking
The firms branded him an intellectual property thief while he accused them of being "global serial killers" whose high prices were costing the lives of Aids patients.
"What he did was path-breaking. It has been very important in saving lives, and what he is doing with cancer drugs is the same," said Leena Menghaney, a lawyer with humanitarian group Medecins sans Frontiers (Doctors Without Borders).
In 1972, India made only the process for making drugs patentable, not the drugs themselves.
These meant firms could "reverse-engineer" or change methods used to make medicines and sell them at up to one-fiftieth of US prices.
The legislation gave a huge leg-up to India's generics industry and gave the nation the nickname "the pharmacy to the Third World".
Company pressing for compulsory licence use
But in 2005, India brought its law in line with World Trade Organization (WTO) rules recognising 20-year patents, pushing up the prices of newly launched drugs.
Cipla, India's fourth largest pharmaceutical company by sales has been pressing the government to allow widespread use of "compulsory licences", which are permitted under WTO rules.
The licences allow companies to make existing life-saving drugs to sell in countries where they are otherwise priced out of reach.
India's first such licence was granted in March to Natco Pharma to produce a generic version of Bayer's blockbuster kidney cancer drug Nexavar, cutting the price from R4 000 for a monthly dose to R1 000.
Legal challenge launched
Ranjit Shahani, who heads the Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producers of India, says widespread compulsory licencing will jeopardise investment in innovative pharmaceuticals.
Bayer has said it will launch a legal challenge to the compulsory licence, and global drug makers have vowed to oppose the spread of such legislation.
Hamied denied that his latest move was simply an attempt to boost his share in the oncology drugs market, insisting business must be linked to "social responsibility".
But he said like any other business his company, which has 23 cancer drugs, also wants higher sales.
"I owe it to my shareholders to be pragmatic," he said.
Born in Lithuania to an Indian Muslim father and a Lithuanian Jewish mother, Hamied was two months old when his parents fled Europe in the 1930s under the threat of Nazi Germany.
Cheap Aids drugs
He was raised in Mumbai and studied for a doctorate in chemistry at Cambridge University in Britain before joining Cipla, which was founded by his father.
"My father never forced me but chemistry was my best subject," said Hamied, who became chairman of the company in 1989.
His bold step in offering cheap Aids drugs turned out to be a smart business move.
Cipla is now the world's largest Aids antiretroviral drugs supplier and the publicly-listed company is valued at nearly R41 billion, while business magazine Forbes puts Hamied's personal fortune at R14 billion.
But Hamied said poverty-racked India "can't afford to divide people into those who can afford life-saving drugs and those who can't".
Reduced price for generic drugs
"It needs a pragmatic policy," he said.
He believes the pharmacy giants should let emerging market drug makers make copycat medicines in exchange for small royalties.
Some 95% of Western firms' profits come from regulated developed markets like Japan, Europe, America, so the pharmaceutical giants "really won't lose out", he said.
Even with the reduced price of generic drugs, such medicines are still beyond the reach of many of the worlds poorest, conceded Hamied, who confesses he has his eye on his legacy.
"I want it to be said when I leave this world that 'he was not just a money-making machine,'" he said.
(Penny MacRae, Sapa, June 2012)
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