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A former researcher at Amgen Inc says many basic studies on cancer – a high proportion of them from university labs – are unreliable, with grim consequences for producing new medicines in the future.
During a decade as head of global cancer research at Amgen, Dr C. Glenn Begley identified 53 "landmark" publications – papers in top journals, from reputable labs – for his team to reproduce. He wanted to double-check the findings before trying to build on them for drug development.
Result: 47 of the 53 could not be replicated, he said in a commentary piece published in Nature.
"It was shocking," said Dr Begley, now senior vice president of privately held biotechnology company TetraLogic, which develops cancer drugs. "These are the studies the pharmaceutical industry relies on to identify new targets for drug development. But if you're going to place a R7 million or R15 million or R38 million bet on an observation, you need to be sure it's true. As we tried to reproduce these papers we became convinced you can't take anything at face value."
Losing the war on cancer?
The failure to win "the war on cancer" has been blamed on many factors, from the use of mouse models that are irrelevant to human cancers to risk-averse funding agencies. But recently a new culprit has emerged: too many basic scientific discoveries, done in animals or cells growing in lab dishes and meant to show the way to a new drug, are wrong.
Dr Begley's experience echoes a report from scientists at Bayer AG last year. Neither group of researchers alleges fraud, nor would they identify the research they had tried to replicate.
But they and others fear the phenomenon is the product of a skewed system of incentives that has academics cutting corners to further their careers.
Dr George Robertson of Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia previously worked at Merck on neurodegenerative diseases. While at Merck, he also found many academic studies that did not hold up.
Pharmacy and biotech industry collapse
"It drives people in industry crazy. Why are we seeing a collapse of the pharmacy and biotech industries? One possibility is that academia is not providing accurate findings," he said.
Over the last two decades, the most promising route to new cancer drugs has been one pioneered by the discoverers of Gleevec, the Novartis drug that targets a form of leukaemia, and Herceptin, Genentech's breast-cancer drug. In each case, scientists discovered a genetic change that turned a normal cell into a malignant one. Those findings allowed them to develop a molecule that blocks the cancer-producing process.
This approach led to an explosion of claims of other potential "druggable" targets. Amgen tried to replicate the new papers before launching its own drug-discovery projects.
Scientists at Bayer did not have much more success. In a 2011 paper published in Nature Reviews Drug Discovery and titled, "Believe it or not," they analyzed in-house projects that built on "exciting published data" from basic science studies. "Often, key data could not be reproduced," wrote Dr Khusru Asadullah, vice president and head of target discovery at Bayer HealthCare in Berlin, and colleagues.
Preclinical study findings not always accurate
Of 47 cancer projects at Bayer during 2011, less than one-quarter could reproduce previously reported findings, despite the efforts of three or four scientists working full time for up to a year. Bayer dropped the projects.
Bayer and Amgen found that the prestige of a journal was no guarantee that a paper would be solid. "The scientific community assumes that the claims in a preclinical study can be taken at face value," Dr Begley and Dr Lee Ellis of MD Anderson Cancer Centre wrote in Nature. It assumes, too, that "the main message of the paper can be relied on.... Unfortunately, this is not always the case."
When the Amgen replication team of about 100 scientists could not confirm reported results, they contacted the authors. Those who cooperated discussed what might account for Amgen's inability to confirm the results. Some let Amgen borrow antibodies and other materials used in the original study or even repeat experiments under the original authors' direction.
Some authors required the Amgen scientists to sign a confidentiality agreement barring them from disclosing data at odds with the original findings. "The world will never know" which 47 studies – many of them highly cited – are apparently wrong, Dr Begley said.
Cancer biology is complex
The most common response by the challenged scientists was: "you didn't do it right". Indeed, cancer biology is fiendishly complex, noted Dr. Phil Sharp, a cancer biologist and Nobel laureate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Even in the most rigorous studies, the results might be reproducible only in very specific conditions, Dr Sharp said. He noted, "A cancer cell might respond one way in one set of conditions and another way in different conditions. I think a lot of the variability can come from that."
Other scientists worry that something less innocuous explains the lack of reproducibility.
Dr Begley once met for breakfast at a cancer conference with the lead scientist of one of the problematic studies.
"We went through the paper line by line, figure by figure," said Dr Begley. "I explained that we re-did their experiment 50 times and never got their result. He said they'd done it six times and got this result once, but put it in the paper because it made the best story. It's very disillusioning."
Beyond cancer
Such selective publication is just one reason the scientific literature is peppered with incorrect results.
For one thing, basic science studies are rarely "blinded" the way clinical trials are. That is, researchers know which cell line or mouse got a treatment or had cancer. That can be a problem when data are subject to interpretation, as a researcher who is intellectually invested in a theory is more likely to interpret ambiguous evidence in its favour.
The problem goes beyond cancer.
A committee of the National Academy of Sciences heard testimony that the number of scientific papers that had to be retracted increased more than tenfold over the last decade; the number of journal articles published rose only 44%.
Few publications
Dr Ferric Fang of the University of Washington, speaking to the panel, said he blamed a hypercompetitive academic environment that fosters poor science and even fraud, as too many researchers compete for diminishing funding.
"The surest ticket to getting a grant or job is getting published in a high-profile journal," said Dr Fang. "This is an unhealthy belief that can lead a scientist to engage in sensationalism and sometimes even dishonest behaviour."
The academic reward system discourages efforts to ensure a finding was not a fluke. Nor is there an incentive to verify someone else's discovery. As recently as the late 1990s, most potential cancer drug targets were backed by 100 to 200 publications. Now each may have fewer than half a dozen.
"If you can write it up and get it published you're not even thinking of reproducibility," said Dr Ken Kaitin, director of the Tufts Centre for the Study of Drug Development. "You make an observation and move on. There is no incentive to find out it was wrong."
(Sharon Begley, Reuters Health, March 2012)
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