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Birthday celebrations often follow a formula, including off-key singing, making a birthday wish while blowing out candles, and the ceremonial cutting of the birthday cake. New research suggests that this ritual not only makes the experience more memorable, but might also improve the taste of the cake.
The new collection of studies, published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, reveals that the rituals we perform before eating – even the seemingly insignificant ones – can actually change our perception of the food we eat.
Psychological scientist Kathleen Vohs of the Carlson School of Management at the University of Minnesota wondered about the power of rituals after noticing the funny routines that people – including Vohs herself – often perform before eating and drinking:
"Whenever I order an espresso, I take a sugar packet and shake it, open the packet and pour a teeny bit of sugar in, and then taste," Vohs observes. "It's never enough sugar, so I then pour about half of the packet in. The thing is, this isn't a functional ritual, I should just skip right to pouring in half the packet."
Vohs and colleagues conducted four experiments to investigate how these kinds of ritualistic behaviours might influence our perception and consumption of various foods.
Real effects
In the first experiment, some participants were asked to eat a piece of chocolate following a detailed set of instructions: "Without unwrapping the chocolate bar, break it in half. Unwrap half of the bar and eat it. Then, unwrap the other half and eat it."
The other participants were simply instructed to relax for a short amount of time and then eat the chocolate bar in whatever fashion they wished.
The results showed that those who had performed the "ritual" rated the chocolate more highly, savoured it more, and were willing to pay more for the chocolate than the other group. The findings suggest that a short, fabricated ritual can produce real effects.
A second experiment reinforced these findings, showing that random movements don't produce a more enjoyable eating experience. Only repeated, episodic, and fixed behaviours seem to change our perception of the food.
The data also revealed that a longer delay between ritual and consumption bolstered these effects, even with a neutral food like carrots; the anticipation of eating carrots following a ritual actually improved their subjective taste.
Personal involvement
In the final two studies, Vohs and colleagues showed that personal involvement in the ritual is paramount – watching someone else methodically mix lemonade doesn't make it taste any better. Additionally, they found that "intrinsic interest" – the fact that rituals draw people into what they are doing – fully accounted for the positive effects that rituals have on our eating experiences.
While these rituals may seem small or mundane, the researchers note that the effects they produce are quite tangible. And while rituals are common before mealtimes, they could play a role in other situations, too:
"We are thinking of getting patients to perform rituals before a surgery and then measuring their pain post-operatively and how fast they heal," Vohs says.
